Climas empowering y disempowering, necesidades psicológicas e intención de práctica deportiva futura en jóvenes deportistas / Empowering and disempowering climates, psychological needs and future sports practice intention in young athletes

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es conocer la interrelación entre la percepción de los climas empowering y disempowering generados por los entrenadores (nivel equipo) con la satisfacción y frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y estas, a su vez, con las intenciones de continuar y abandonar la práctica deportiva (nivel individual) en jóvenes deportistas. Método: Participaron 251 deportistas mexicanos (M = 13.22, DT = 1.28) pertenecientes a 19 equipos. Se les aplicó una batería de cuestionarios para la recolección de datos y se realizó un análisis multinivel de ecuaciones estructuradas. Resultados: El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales reveló asociaciones positivas entre las percepciones de climas empowering desde una perspectiva grupal sobre la satisfacción de necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de continuar la práctica deportiva desde una perspectiva individual, así como entre las percepciones de un clima disempowering sobre la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de abandono. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren en un nivel aplicado que el clima empowering actúa como catalizador del bienestar psicológico y como protector de la aparición de frustración, mientras que el clima disempowering facilita el desarrollo de respuestas psicológicas desadaptativas en el deporte.

Abstract Introduction: The main objective of this work is to know the interrelation between the perception of empowering and disempowering climates generated by coaches (team level) with basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, and these in turn, with the intentions to continue and abandon sports practice (individual level) in young athletes. Method: 251 Mexican athletes participated (M = 13. 22, SD = 1.28) belonging to 19 teams. A battery of questionnaires was applied for data collection and a multilevel structured equation analysis was performed. Results: The structural equation model revealed positive associations between perceptions of empowering climates from a group perspective on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to continue practicing sports from an individual perspective; as well as between perceptions of a disempowering climate on the frustration of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to drop out. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest at an applied level that the empowering climate acts as a catalyst of psychological well-being and as a protector against the occurrence of frustration, while the disempowering climate facilitates the development of maladaptive psychological responses in sport.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Perceived Motivational Climate In Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) / Psychometric properties of the brazilian version of the Perceived Motivational Climate In Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2)

A motivação tem sido tema central de investigação na Psicologia do Esporte porque se entende que esse fenômeno psicológico pode maximizar o desempenho de diferentes níveis de atletas. O presente estudo teve os seguintes objetivos: i) proceder à tradução e adaptação transcultural (equivalência semântica/conceitual e validade de conteúdo) do Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2); e, ii) verificar as suas propriedades psicométricas (consistência interna, validade fatorial,confiabilidade composta e variância extraída média) A amostra do presente estudo foi composta por 255 atletas (231 do sexo masculino e 24 do sexo feminino) de diferentes modalidades esportivas, com idades compreendidas entre 18 e 52 anos (M = 25,61 e DP = 4,98). O instrumento foi aplicado nos locais de treino dos atletas. A versão brasileira do PMCSQ-2 alcançou bons índices de validade de conteúdo, assim como, de confiabilidade e índices marginais de variância extraída média. Foi suportada a evidência de validade de constructo através dos índices de ajustamentos revelados pela Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC). Conclui-se que esse instrumento pode ser utilizado em futuros estudos, para o entendimento do clima motivacional em equipes esportivas com objetivo de melhorar o desempenho de atleta de competição....(AU)

Motivation has been a central theme of research in Sport Psychology because it has been seen as a psychological phenomenon that maximizes the performance of different levels of athletes. The present study had the following objectives: i) transcultural translation and adaptation (semantic/conceptual equivalence and content validity) of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2); and (ii) to verify their psychometric properties (internal consistency, factorial validity, composite reliability and mean extracted variance). The sample consisted of 255 athletes (231 males and 24 females) of different sports ages ranging from 18 to 52 years (M = 25.61 and SD = 4.98). The instrument was applied at athletes' training locations. The Brazilian version of PMCSQ-2 achieved good fit indexes, as well as reliability and marginal indexes of mean extracted variance. Evidence of construct validity was supported through the fit indexes by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (AFC). We conclude that this instrument can be used in future studies to understand the motivational climate in sports teams with the objective of improving the performance of athletes in competition...(AU)

Validación del Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional 3x2 en educación física / Validity of the 3x2 Motivational Climate Questionnaire for Physical Education

Resumen Esta investigación aborda dos objetivos: a) examinar la validez de constructo del Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional 3x2 en Educación Física, y b) estudiar las relaciones entre las seis estructuras de clima motivacional y variables consecuentes. En el estudio 1 participaron 192 estudiantes de secundaria (M = 15.57 años). El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio apoyó el modelo hipotético que, comparado con 10 modelos alternativos, produjo el mejor ajuste a los datos. En el estudio 2 se reexaminó el modelo con estudiantes más jóvenes (N = 299; M = 13.14 años), y se realizaron análisis de regresión para explorar los tipos de clima motivacional como predictores de variables dependientes. Se produjeron evidencias de patrones predictivos diferenciales entre las estructuras de clima basadas en la tarea y el yo.

Abstract This research had two goals: a) examine the construct validity of the 3x2 Motivational Climate Questionnaire for Physical Education, and b) assess the relations among the six structures of motivational climate and relevant consequences. In study 1, 192 secondary students participated (M = 15.57 years). Confirmatory factorial analysis strongly supported the theoretical model. Internal consistency and validity were also satisfactory. The hypothesized model was compared with other 10 alternative models, but the first one showed the best fit to the data. In study 2, the model was re-examined with younger secondary educations students (N = 299; 145 men and 154 women; M = 13.14 years). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the different types of motivational climates as predictors of several variables.

Modelo de predicción de la satisfacción y diversión en Educación Física a partir de la autonomía y el clima motivacional / Prediction Model of Satisfaction and Enjoyment in Physical Education from the Autonomy and Motivational Climate

El objetivo de este trabajo fue hallar un modelo de predicción de la satisfacción y diversión hacia la Educación Física partiendo del clima de aprendizaje y teniendo en cuenta el apoyo a la autonomía del profesorado y la propia percepción de autonomía del alumnado. Se utilizó una muestra de 758 alumnos de secundaria con edades entre 13 y 18 años. Se aplicó a los participantes de la investigación, la versión española adaptada a la educación física, de los siguientes instrumentos: Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire, Learning Climate Questionnaire, Sport Satisfaction Instrument y el factor autonomía del Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. Los resultados señalaron que el clima motivacional implicado en el aprendizaje predecía positivamente el apoyo a la autonomía por parte del profesor y esta predecía la propia percepción de autonomía del alumno. Asimismo, la percepción de autonomía predijo positivamente la satisfacción/diversión y negativamente el aburrimiento en las clases. Como conclusión, los docentes deben favorecer un clima de aprendizaje que apoye la autonomía y favorezca la percepción de esta en el alumno para conseguir que se diviertan en las clases de Educación Física.

The aim of this work was to find a model to predict satisfaction and fun to the physical education based on learning climate and considering supporting to the autonomy of teachers and the perception of autonomy of students. A sample of 758 secondary school students aged between 13 and 18 was used. The following instruments were used: the Spanish version adapted to Physical Education of Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire, Learning Climate Questionnaire, Sport Satisfaction Instrument and autonomy factor in Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. The results showed that learning motivational climate positively predicted perceived autonomy support on the teacher part and this predicted the self perception of autonomy on the part of students. In the same way, the perceived autonomy positively predicted satisfaction/fun and negatively boredom in class. In conclusion, teachers should foster a learning climate that supports and promotes the autonomy perceived autonomy in students for them to have fun in physical education classes.

Motivational climate, goal orientation and exercise adherence in fitness centers and personal training contexts / Clima motivacional, orientação para a meta e exercício adesão em academias de ginástica e contextos de formação pessoal / Clima motivacional, la orientación de meta y la adherencia al ejercicio en gimnasios y contextos de entrenamiento personal

This study was conducted to analyze the relationships hypothesized by the Achievement Goal Theory in predicting adherence to exercise. The study participants were 405 individuals exercising in fitness centers with a mean age of 35 years (SD = 17) and 183 individuals exercising with personal trainers with a mean age of 43 years (SD = 16), that answered the Portuguese versions of the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure and Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire. The hypothesized structural equation model showed that the mastery motivational climate had a positive impact on task orientation goals, which in turn had a positive impact on exercise adherence. However, performance motivational climate had a positive impact on ego orientation goals, which in turn had a negative impact on exercise adherence...

"Clima motivacional, orientação para a meta e exercício adesão em academias de ginástica e contextos de formação pessoal." Este estudo analisou as relações hipotetizadas pela Teoria dos Objetivos de Realização na predição da adesão ao exercício. Participaram neste estudo 405 praticantes de academia (240 femininos, 165 masculinos), com uma média de idades de 35 anos (DP = 17) e 183 de personal training (142 femininos, 41 masculinos), com uma média de idades de 43 anos (DP = 16), que responderam às versões Portuguesas do Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure e Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire. O modelo de equações estruturais demonstra que o clima motivacional para a mestria teve um impacto positivo sobre a orientação dos objetivos para a tarefa, que por sua vez teve um impacto positivo sobre a adesão ao exercício. Por outro lado, o clima motivacional para a performance teve um impacto positivo sobre a orientação dos objetivos para o ego, que por sua vez teve um impacto negativo sobre a adesão ao exercício...

"Clima motivacional, la orientación de meta y la adherencia al ejercicio en gimnasios y contextos de entrenamiento personal." Este estudio analizó las relaciones hipotetizadas por la Teoría de los Objetivos de Realización en la predicción de la adhesión al ejercicio. En este estudio participaron 405 practicantes de academia (240 femeninos, 165 masculinos), con una edad media de 35 años (DP = 17) y 183 de personal training (142 femeninos, 41 masculinos), con una edad media de 43 años (DP = 16), que respondieron a las versiones portuguesas de Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure y Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales demuestra que el clima motivacional para la maestría tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la orientación de los objetivos para la tarea que, a su vez, tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la adhesión al ejercicio. Por otro lado, el clima motivacional para la performance tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la orientación de los objetivos para el ego que, a su vez, tuvo un impacto negativo sobre la adhesión al ejercicio....

Percepción de la conducta de los padres en los comportamientos antisociales mostrados por los jóvenes participantes de deportes colectivos / Perception of Parents' Conducts on Antisocial Behaviors Shown by Team Sports Youth Athletes

El principal objetivo del estudio fue conocer las relaciones entre padres e hijos en la percepción de intención, actuación y juicio de los posibles comportamientos antisociales en el contexto deportivo, valorando en una misma acción deportiva, la moralidad mostrada por ambos significativos y considerando el clima fomentado por los padres en los deportistas para la aparición o no de estas conductas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.420 participantes, 710 deportistas, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 16 años (M = 12.76; DE = 1.15) y 710 padres, con edades comprendidas entre los 36 y 49 años (M = 43.56; DE = 2.95), de varios deportes colectivos: fútbol, baloncesto, balonmano y voleibol. Deportistas y padres diligenciaron cuestionarios destinados a valorar la percepción de los jugadores y padres sobre comportamientos antisociales y la percepción del clima motivacional que los padres transmiten a los deportistas. Los resultados muestran una relación significativa entre las variables antisociales en padres e hijos. Asimismo, la presión de los padres emerge como predictor de la intención y actuación de comportamientos antisociales. Finalmente, se indica que una participación adecuada de los padres en la práctica deportiva, supondrá el descenso de comportamientos antisociales por parte de los deportistas.

The main aim of the study was to know the relationships between parents and children with regard to perception of intention, performance and judgment of antisocial behaviors in the sport context, assessing in the same sport action, the morality shown by both significatives. The sample comprised 1420 participants, 710 athletes, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old (M = 12.76; SD = 1.15), and 710 parents, ranging in age from 36 to 49 years old (M = 43.56; SD = 2.95). Athletes and parents completed questionnaires related to measure perception of players and parents' about antisocial behaviors, as well as perception of motivational climate developed by parents. Results showed a significant relationship among antisocial variables in parents and children. Moreover, parents' pressure emerged as predictor of intention and performance of antisocial behaviors. Finally, it is emphasized that appropriate parental participation in sport practice can promote the decrease of antisocial behaviors in athletes.

Tradução e validação da adaptação para o exercício do Perceived Motivational Climate Sport Questionnaire / Translation and validation of the exercise adaptation of the Perceived Motivational Climate Sport Questionnaire

O objetivo principal do estudo é a tradução e validação da versão portuguesa da adaptação ao exercício do Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ), com recurso à análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC), realizadas com dois grupos independentes de praticantes de exercício em ginásios, de ambos os géneros e com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 64 anos. Na AFE os resultados revelam uma estrutura que explica 52% da variância dos resultados, pesos fatoriais entre 0.63 e 0.80, e uma boa consistência interna (αMestria=0.78; αPerformance=0.74). Na AFC os resultados indicam um excelente ajustamento do modelo: S-Bχ²=40.6; df=34; p=0.20; S-Bχ²/df=1.19; SRMR=0.03; NNFI=0.98; CFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.02; 90% IC RMSEA=0.00-0.05, uma consistência interna razoável (αMestria=0.74; αPerformance=0.75), e pesos fatoriais entre 0.50 e 0.79, o que nos leva a concluir que a versão Portuguesa da adaptação do PMCSQ ao exercício pode ser utilizada na avaliação do clima motivacional no exercício.

The main purpose of this study is to present the results of translation and validation of the Portuguese version of Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ) adaptation to exercise, through exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis, performed with two independent groups of participants, all exercisers in private fitness clubs, of both sexes, and aged between 14 and 64 years old. The EFA results reveal a structure explaining 52% of total variance, with factor loadings ranged from 0.63 to 0.80, and reasonable reliability (αMastery=0.78; αPerformance=0.74). The AFC results showed an excellent model fit to data: S-Bχ²=40.6; df=34; p=0.20; S-Bχ²/df=1.19; SRMR=0.03; NNFI=0.98; CFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.02; 90% IC RMSEA=0.00-0.05, an acceptable reliability (αMastery=0.74; αPerformance=0.75), and factor loadings ranged from 0.50 to 0.79, which leads us to conclude that Portuguese version of PMCSQ adaptation to exercise can be used to measure motivational climate in exercise.

Relación de la habilidad física percibida y el clima motivacional percibido en estudiantes de secundaria, Colombianos / Relationship among the perceived physical ability and the perceived motivational climate in colombian students

La presente investigación está enmarcada en el contexto de la psicología aplicada al deporte, más explícitamente dentro del marco de la motivación. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre la habilidad física percibida y el clima motivacional percibido en clases de educación física, teniendo en cuenta las variables género y tipo de colegio, en una muestra de estudiantes de diversos colegios del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (Colombia). Es una investigación descriptiva, correlacional, y transversal. Participaron un total de 3.149 estudiantes (1.455 hombres y 1.694 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y 19 años de edad. En cuanto a la habilidad física percibida, los datos obtenidos indican que los hombres obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en comparación a las mujeres, y que los estudiantes de la muestra que asisten a colegios públicos obtuvieron mayor puntuación que los que asisten a colegios privados. Lo mismo ocurre cuando se analizó el clima motivacional percibido. Además existe una relación entre las variables del estudio. En conclusión, género y tipo de colegio se relacionan significativamente con la habilidad física percibida y con el clima motivacional percibido.

This research is framed in the context of applied sports psychology more specifically within the framework of motivation. The objective was to analyze the relationship between perceived physical ability and perceived motivational climate in Physical Education classes, taking into account the variables of gender and type of school, in a sample of students from various schools in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga (Colombia). It is a descriptive, correlational, and cross. A total of 3149 students (1455 men and 1694 women), aged between 9 and 19 years of age. As for the perceived physical ability, the data indicate that men scored significantly higher compared to women, and shows students attending public schools scored higher than those attending private schools. The same occurs when analyzing the perceived motivational climate. In addition there is a relationship between the study variables. In conclusion, gender and type of school is significantly related to perceived physical ability and perceived motivational climate.